AVS 70 Session QS-WeM: Quantum Technologies: From Networks and Education to Sensors and User Facilities

The BNL – SBU (Brookhaven National Laboratory – Stony Brook University) team has built one of the longest and most advanced quantum networks now covering more than 161 miles with five distinct nodes on Long Island. The network uses commercial optical fibers and operates at standard telecommunication wavelengths. It includes quantum memories and remote-control capabilities. Research to expand the use of different quantum platforms and network links including free space link for a truly heterogeneous quantum network is ongoing. The team is focused on developing quantum network key technologies as well as novel applications of entanglement distribution network. An overview of the activities will be presented at the conference.

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of modern technology, including digital communications, “quantum-safe” cryptography, and incredibly accurate time measurements. The development of this technology represents the next great frontier of science and engineering.

Devices based on single impurity atoms in semiconductors are receiving attention as potential quantum technologies and shown to be promising proof-of-concept.

However, such devices are incredibly challenging to manufacture, as single atoms must be placed within nanometric precision in isotopically pure host matrix such as ²⁸Si.

All working devices thus far have been fabricated using hydrogen lithography with an STM followed by atomic layer deposition. This is labor-intensive and requires several days of meticulous preparation to create just a single quantum bit (qubit).

Real-world devices will require arrays of hundreds or thousands of impurity atoms, highlighting the requirement for a scalable method of positioning single atoms with nanometer precision.

In 2019, Ionoptika launched a new commercial focused ion beam (FIB) instrument specifically made for the fabrication of quantum materials and devices via single ion implantation, the Q-One.

With a continuously expanding range of available ion species, a high-resolution mass-filter system, high-precision stage and proven capability of single ion deterministic implantation with isotopic resolution, Q-One is, nowadays, the instrument of choice for Universities and Research Institutes.

During last year’s AVS Conference we reported on the overall Q-One performances and Liquid Metal Alloy Ion source development carried out at Ionoptika, since the instrument launch.

This year we will report on the results achieved with the Q-One instrument by different research groups. Due to the fact that the ion dose delivered to the sample can be adjusted across a wide range, providing many nanoscale material engineering capabilities in a single tool, examples of the Q-One use as a photolithographic tool, to achieve a ²⁸Si matrix, and single ion implantation will be reported and discussed.

Bringing quantum technologies out of the lab and into the market requires a new foundation of metrology and standards. Quantum 2.0, which exploits properties like superposition and entanglement, presents a new suite of parameters to measure, requires the characterization of components in new environments such as at cyrogenic temperatures, and challenges us to come up with benchmarks that work across multiple and rapidly changing hardware platforms, such as for quantum computing and networking. This talk will explore the role of standards in critical and emerging technologies, how the broader quantum community is working together to develop pre-standards (NMI-Q) and standards (IEC/ISO JTC-3), and will provide an overview of the NIST on a Chip program which is developing a suite of intrinsically accurate, fit-for-function quantum-based sensors and standards.

Creating quantum materials with unprecedented properties, by design rather than by serendipity, is accomplished in PARADIM through a synergistic set of user facilities dedicated to theory, synthesis, and characterization. Each of these world-class user facilities is equipped with the latest tools, techniques, and expertise to help users like you realize this materials-by-design dream. Users from throughout the nation are using PARADIM to discover and create quantum materials.*

PARADIM’s vision is to democratize materials discovery in the U.S.A. and to enable a more effective way of pursuing materials research, one that accelerates materials discovery by establishing a materials discovery ecosystem—a national community of practitioners—and equipping them with theoretical and experimental methods that enable them to reduce to practice the inorganic materials of which they dream. Among the tools that PARADIM provides it users are:

• A fully automated MBE system in which users can select among 62 elements of the periodic table and grow at substrate temperatures as high as 2000 °C—the most elements and the hottest growth temperatures of any MBE system in the world—to make the inorganic materials desired. Any 11 of these elements may be loaded into the MBE system at one time.

• An in situ UHV connection between PARADIM’s 62-element MBE system and a spin-resolved ARPES system enabling users to determine the electronic structure of the new materials and interfaces they create.

• A scanning transmission electron microscope that has achieved the highest resolution ever reported (0.16 Å). This is made possible by a new electron microscope pixel array detector (EMPAD), developed at Cornell, and made available first in PARADIM’s electron microscopy user facility.

Use of PARADIM facilities and associated user facilities at Cornell and Johns Hopkins is free to users from academia and national labs from the U.S.A. provided their 2-page proposal is highly ranked by PARADIM’s User Proposal Review Committee. All data from PARADIM facilities is recorded and stored for future use. After a period of inactivity or completion of scientific publications by the primary users, all data associated with user projects is made publicly available. PARADIM is also open to users from industry, who pay for access to PARADIM user facilities, but whose data are never made public.

*The capabilities and success stories described in this talk made use of the facilities of the Platform for the Accelerated Realization, Analysis, and Discovery of Interface Materials (PARADIM), which are supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-2039380.

• Drew Rebar, PNNL: QS-ThP-1 Characterization of Planar Ta Damascene Resonators for Quantum Information Science Applications
• Jessica McChesney, Argonne National Laboratory: QS-ThP-4 Correlating the Electronic Structure with the Emergence of Magnetism in PdcCo₂
• Dr. Jay Hendricks, NIST-Gaithersburg: QS-ThP-5 How Can Quantum-Based Sensors Be Used for “Nist on a Chip” Sustainability Solutions?
• Dr. Yashwanth Balaji, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: QS-ThP-6 Advancing Quantum Materials Growth and Characterization with Cluster Systems