The calculation of properties of open-shell 5f molecules is a challenge for the methods of quantum chemistry : these complexes have many low lying configurations, spin-orbit effects are important and correlation effects must be taken into account. The SO-CASPT2 method gives results that compare well to experimental data : it is a two-step wave function based method. The multiconfigurational nature of the wave functions is described by starting with a CASSCF calculation, correlation effects are calculated by 2nd order theory and spin-orbit effects are introduced in the very last step by a state interaction procedure.

We will show by several examples how calculations have become a complementary tool to the experimental data in order to get information about the nature and the magnetization of the ground and excited states.

1. calculation of EPR parameters : the ground state and excited states of actinyl complexes depend strongly on the nature of the equatorial ligands. All calculations are rationalized using a model based on crystal field theory. [1,2,3]

2. calculation of the susceptibility of aquo An(III), An(IV), An(V) and An(VI) cations and comparison to the LS coupling scheme. [4]

3. calculation of the pNMR shifts in the An(Et-DPC) ₃^3- series and comparison with the lanthanide series. The variation in temperature of this shift will be discussed.

[1] D. Paez Hernandez, H. Bolvin J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 194, 74 (2014).

[2] F. Gendron, D. Paez Hernandez, F. P. Notter, B. Pritchard, H. Bolvin, J. Autschbach Chem. Eur. J. 20, 7994 (2014).

[3] F. Gendron, B. Pritchard, H. Bolvin, J. Autschbach Inorg. Chem. 53, 8577 (2014).

[4] M. Autillo, L. Guerin, H. Bolvin, P. Moisy, C. Berthon Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 6515 (2016).

In this presentation, the history of Pu contamination at the Hanford site will be reviewed, including the various disposal locations, the quantities of Pu and co-contaminants disposed, and recent research efforts designed to unravel the chemical form of Pu in the environmental samples. Microanalytical information will also be presented for the sediments at the Z-9 site. The information will include the chemical characterization of the sediments at two bore holes drilled at the Z-9 sites. Although the majority of the plutonium is present as oxide, using both electron microscopy (EM) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy evidence was found for the formation of nano-sized mixed Pu and iron phosphate hydroxides that are structurally related to rhabdophane-group minerals. The Pu-phosphate formation may depend on the local microenvironment in the sediments, availability of phosphate, and hence the distribution of these minerals may control long-term migration of Pu in the soil. The presentation will also focus the role of in-situ EM can play in understanding nanoparticle formation and its subsequent interaction with substrates.

Iron (II) minerals, when in isolation, will control the fate of Pu; however, in a sediment with clay, calcite, and other soil minerals present as we observed in the Z9 sediments, other phases and elements may have a significant impact on the Pu chemistry. Nevertheless, the complexity found in the natural environments may lead to the formation of phases that may not be predicted in laboratory set-ups. Understanding the chemistry of Pu in complex media requires tools that can probe micro-environments. We have been exploring the use of in-situ EM to investigate the precipitation of Pu. All designs of cells for in-situ electron microscopy incorporate a membrane that prevents evaporation of the liquid sample in the microscope vacuum. We will describe other observations of Pu behaviour, morphology, and compositional changes studied with these new EM methods.

High temperature bcc structure of Uranium (γ-U) can be retained to low temperatures by alloying with different d-metals. Such alloys are used, due to enhaced resitance to radiation damage and better mechanical properies comparing to α-U, as nuclear fuels. Alloying leads also to reduced surface reactivity. Such "stainless" uranium is much more resitant to oxidation, and reaction with hydrogen gas needs high H₂ pressures. This raises questions about phenomena at the surface of such alloys. We performed a photoelectron spectroscopy study of the alloy U_0.80Zr_0.20, prepared by rapid solidification (splat cooling). The concentration of 20% Zr was chosen as the lowest concetration which still gives a safe margin for single-phase bcc phase. In particular, we studied the properties of the surface exposed to oxidation and/or annealing.

The surface in the initial state is Zr-rich (approx. 85% Zr), and the Zr excess is only slowly removed by Ar-ion sputtering. In the cleaned state the U-4f spectra indicate that the degree of the 5f localization is not changed between the α-U and γ-U phases, which can be understood considering that the U-U spacing even in the γ-U phase remains far below the Hill limit. Also the valence-band spectra in UPS exhibit only small differences with respect to pure U, which adopts the α-U phase.

Exposing the clean surface of U_0.80Zr_0.20 to O₂, one observes relatively rapid oxidation. The dose of 5 Langmuir of O₂ converts 35-40% of metal into a dioxide, while Uranium oxidizes slightly more than Zirconium.

Isochronal annealing for 900 s leaves the clean surface unchanged for temperatures below 500 K. However, above this temperature the concentration of Zr in the surface layer fast increases. Repeated cleaning and annealing cycles lead to the same picture of surface enriched by Zr. The oxide formation of such surface is much more sluggish. This is true particularly for U, which has difficulty to form UO₂. The oxidation can be stimulated by elevated temperatures, pointing to the fact that such oxidation is modulated by diffussion of O thrugh the Zr overlayer. Still for 100 L of O₂ at 473 K the large part of U remains in metallic state and the amount of oxide is lower than for room-temperature oxidation of stoichiometric surface after 5 L O₂. The finding demosntrates that the U-Zr alloys are coated by Zr or Zr-rich film when exposed to 500-600 K and such film leads to a passivation of the surface.

This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation under the Grant 15-01100S. The work at ITU was supported by the European FP7 TALISMAN project, under contract with the European Commission.

The work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.