Plasma sources for ambient mass spectrometry are of increasing importance owing to their ability to analyse a wide range of organics including polymers. Some industrially important molecules are not successfully analysed by electrospray based methods and here plasma methods are making an important contribution. For analysis in industry, it is essential to understand the fundamental mechanisms so that predictions can be made of which types of materials can and cannot be detected. In this study, we develop a metrology framework to understand the sensitivity of PADI to different substances and material form. We study in detail, the effect of sample temperature on the signal intensity and show that the intensity is proportional to the vapour pressure. Importantly, we also show the sample form, as a film or powder, has a strong effect of sensitivity. For the analysis of thin films at room temperature and using a low plasma power, a vapour pressure of greater than 10^-4 Pa is required to achieve a sufficiently good quality spectrum. Using thermal desorption we are able to increase the signal intensity of materials with vapour pressures less than 10^-4 Pa, in thin film form, by between 4 and 7 orders of magnitude. This is achieved by increasing the temperature of the sample up to a maximum of 200 °C. Thermal desorption can also increase the signal intensity for the analysis of powders. Prospects for imaging PADI and sub-micron imaging ambient mass spectrometry imaging will also be discussed.

The DESI technique is celebrating a decade of application since its innovation in 2004. There has been significant progress in understanding its fundamentals and a rapid expansion in the applications, covering a diverse range of science and technologies. For wider uptake in industry, measurements need to be repeatable and constant. It is especially important to test that methods are transferable between different instrument designs and that analytical procedures are clear. This requires the development of a metrological infrastructure. Interlaboratory studies are an effective route to do this. VAMAS provides an excellent mechanism for such evaluation. Under this framework, the National Physical Laboratory (UK) has conducted a DESI interlaboratory comparison. The objectives of this study were to determine the current achievable repeatability and constancy of instruments. The comparison was conducted with the involvement of 20 laboratories from 10 different countries. The instruments used included 7 commercially made DESI sources with the remainder home-built. A variety of mass spectrometers were used including 13 Ion Traps, 4 Orbitraps and 4 Time-of-Flight. Participants were provided with an analytical protocol and two reference samples: a thin layer of Rhodamine B and a double-sided adhesive tape. The studies comprised acquisition of positive ion mass spectra in pre‑determined m/z ranges. No sample preparation was required. Results for Rhodamine B show that intensity repeatabilities below 20 % may be achieved. However, inadequacies of the spray and sample stage designs lead to repeatabilities that average 50 % with some worse than 80 %. Rhodamine B is an excellent reference sample to check the sample erosion, the sample stage movement and memory effects. The adhesive tape samples show that the absolute intensity repeatability is 31 % with several achieving below 20%. Importantly, the spectral response, given by the relative repeatability, not measurable with Rhodamine B, was reduced to 9 % with a significant number achieving the 5 % expected of more mature analytical methods. The constancy of these spectra from relative intensities gives day-to-day averages of 31 %, over three times worse than the short term repeatability. Significant differences in the spectra from different laboratories arise from different factors. This first interlaboratory study has provided an effective survey of the measurement issues and some important conclusions can be drawn about the possibilities for DESI MS concerning overall practice, reference samples and recommendations for the future. These will be discussed.

The proliferation of Atmospheric Pressure Ionization (API) sources for mass spectrometry (MS) has expanded the applicability of the MS analysis technique to a wide range of chemical and biological challenges, to the extent that the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to John Fenn and Koichi Tanaka for their development of Electrospray Ionization (ESI) and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI), respectively. Furthermore, recent developments in a specific category of API, referred to as Ambient Ionization (AI), have simplified the applicability of API techniques by removing some or all of the need for sample preparation prior to analysis. AI techniques, such as Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI), Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART), and an ever increasing list of additional techniques and variations, allow for direct analysis of an enormous range of sample and matrix types; whole blood, illicit drugs in fingerprints, tissue cross-sections, pharmaceuticals, and forensic samples have all been examined with AI, to name just a relatively few examples.

All API techniques have in common the need to transport ions from atmospheric pressure into the high vacuum of the mass spectrometer - typically <10^-5 Torr (<1 mPa). Various ion sampling and transport mechanisms are used to transfer ions through differentially-pumped vacuum stages to the mass analyzer. In all cases, significant losses at each stage mean that only a very small fraction (<<1%) of the ions generated from a sample are actually analyzed. The situation is even worse for systems that are intended to be used in mobile or field labs, where space and power are at a premium and large pumping systems are therefore not acceptable.

This talk will briefly review AI techniques to illustrate their value in analytical chemistry (including biological, clinical, and forensic analysis), and will then describe means by which ions are transported from atmosphere into vacuum, with the hope of stimulating dialog with the vacuum community about ways and means that this process could be improved, especially for small, rugged instruments designed for outside-the-lab use.