Papers

AVS1999 Session NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA: Nanotubes: Growth, Characterization and Properties I

Wednesday, October 27, 1999 2:00 PM in Room 6C

Wednesday Afternoon

Start	Invited?	Item
2:00 PM		NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA-1 Making and Modifying Carbon Nanotubes R.E. Smalley (Rice University) The last year has produced exciting developments in our ability to produce and modify single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). New experiments have shown the feasibility of producing nanotubes in an efficient gas-phase process, sometimes having diameters down to approximately 0.6 nm. These methods involve chemical vapor deposition in high-pressure carbon monoxide. We are now pursuing this growth technique as a potentially viable means for cost-effective production of large amounts of SWNT. Development of new methods for purification and characterization of nanotubes has given new insight into their growth mechanisms. I will present new data on the morphology and length distributions of SWNT grown by traditional laser-oven methods, and outline new results on the behavior and characteristics of tube samples. Perhaps the most remarkable developments have been in the chemistry of SWNT as a new molecular species. Several groups have discovered means of covalent attachment of other chemical species to the tube ends and sidewalls. This derivatization significantly modifies the properties of SWNTs, permits the first true solutions of tube segments, and opens the door to a remarkable new realm of chemistry, materials science, and electronics.
2:40 PM		NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA-3 Roles of Fe, Co, and Ni in the Formation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Encapsulated Nanoparticles J. Jiao (Portland State University) The preparation and structural properties of carbon nanoclusters synthesized by having the transition metals Fe, Co, and Ni react with carbon in three different methods were investigated comparatively with the focus on single-walled nanotubes and encapsulated nanoparticles. The carbon nanoclusters were synthesized first by the high temperature (~3000°C) and high carbon-content process of the conventional arc discharge, secondly by the high temperature but low carbon-content process of the modified arc-discharge, and finally by the relatively low temperature (~500°C) process of catalytic decomposition of carbon monoxide (CO). The samples were characterized with respect to morphology, internal structure, and related properties. The carbon nanoclusters prepared by three different methods appear quite different on the surface, but have features in common that this report emphasizes. The same element can apparently serve different functions, serving as catalyst under one set of condition, and being encapsulated into the growing cages in a different environment. The elements of the iron group (Fe, Co, and Ni) were known as catalysts for growing the single-walled nanotubes and strings of spherical particles in conventional arc discharge, but could be encapsulated into the graphitic particles in the modified arc discharge and the CO disproportion that this study demonstrates. It was found that variation of the metal-to-carbon ratio is required to make these elements assume the double roles of either catalyst or encapsulant. In this report, an assembly of growth phenomena of carbon nanoclusters indicating the roles of the Fe, Co, and Ni will be presented. The growth mechanisms of these structural phenomena in relation to the preparation conditions in particular to the ratio of carbon content in the reaction chamber during the preparation are discussed.
3:00 PM		NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA-4 Plume Diagnostics During Carbon Nanotube Production by Laser Ablation S. Arepalli (G. B. Tech./Lockheed Martin); C.D. Scott (NASA/Johnson Space Center) We report recent results of our plume diagnostics during carbon nanotube production by double pulse laser oven method. The evolution characteristics of different species in the plume from different regions of the laser ablated plume will be presented. Transient emission data is compared with plume images to formulate dynamics of plume expansion. Vibrational and rotational temperatures of C₂ and C₃ are estimated by comparison with computations. Excitation spectra of LIF are used to deduce ground state temperatures and populations.
3:20 PM		NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA-5 Synthesis and Integration of Carbon Nanotubes H. Dai (Stanford University) This talk focuses on controlled growth and properties of multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotubes on catalytically patterned substrates. It will be shown that new possibilities are opened up in nanotube science and applications by synthesizing nanotubes at desired locations and orientations in ordered fashions. A recently developed chemical vapor deposition method for high quality single-walled nanotubes is combined with microfabrication methods to reliably integrate single-walled nanotubes into various electrical architectures. The transport properties of individual single-walled nanotubes will be presented. Functional nanotube electrical devices with advanced performances will be shown. Issues in further control of nanotube growth will be addressed.
4:00 PM		NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA-7 Growth of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes on Transition-metal Catalyzed Plain Silicon Substrates using Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition Y.H. Lee, Y.C. Choi (Jeonbuk National University, Korea); C.J. Lee (Kunsan National University, Korea); Y.B. Han (Jeonbuk National University, Korea) Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes have been grown on a large area of transition-metal coated plain silicon substrates by thermal chemical vapor deposition method. We find that vertically aligned growth is critically dependent on the domain density in the transition metal cluster. Steric hindrance between nanotubes at an initial stage of the growth forces nanotubes to align vertically. Nanotubes are then further grown by the catalyst-cap growth mechanism. We also show emission patterns from aligned nanotubes. Our current approach of simple integration of stable field-emission displays on a large area puts a step forward to future display applications.
4:20 PM		NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA-8 Carbon Nanotube Tips: Structures and Properties J. Han, L. Yang, R.L. Jaffe (NASA) A variety of structures and properties of carbon nanotube tips present challenges in understanding of electron tunneling and field emission of carbon nanotube materials. Topologically, a nanotube tip can be formed by joining a tube bulk and a cone or a half the fullerene. Different configurations can be resulted from arrangement of topological defects. Energetically favorable configurations are identified and classified using functional theory and molecular mechanics calculations. They are further used for electronic structure calculations based on tight-binding approaches. The location and intensity of localizes states at tips are studied as functions of the size and configurations of tips. The differences in localized stated between one and four-orbital calculations are also compared. Experimental results of carbon nanotube field emission properties are related to the calculations of the localized stated of nanotube tips.
4:40 PM		NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA-9 Electrochemical Deposition of Carbon Nanofilaments E. Anoshkina, D. Zhou, L. Chow, V. Desai (University of Central Florida) Carbon nanofilaments are conventionally made from thermal catalytic chemical vapor deposition with carbonaceous gases as growth precursors. Based on their unique mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, many applications of carbon nanofilaments have been realized in advanced technologies. We report here on a new method to prepare carbon nanofilaments, in which the nanofilaments have been made from organic solvents such as methanol through an electrochemical deposition process. Silicon wafers coated with Fe or Ni nanoparticles were employed as the electrodes, and the depositions were carried out at room temperature. It has been found that electrical field between the electrodes, conductivity of the solvent, and size of the catalysts play important roles in control of morphologies of the carbonaceous deposits. Furthermore, based on characterization of the nanofilaments using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, the formation and growth mechanism of carbon nanofilaments from the electrochemical deposition has been discussed.
5:00 PM		NT+NS+EM+MS-WeA-10 A Study on the Growth of Carbon Nanotubes with Respect to Process Conditions J.N. Srivastava, K.K. Awasthi, C.D. Dwivedi, G.N. Mathur (Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment, India) Carbon nanotubes have been produced by graphite evaporation method in macroscopic quantities with reproducible results at different conditions. A study on the growth of CNT against the variation in Helium / Argon / Nitrogen pressure has been done and some interesting results are found with respect to geometry, density and alignment of the tubes. Total yield of the material is also found to be having correlation with the pressure and current. Material produced in different conditions has been characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA and FTIR techniques.