Atomic-scale engineering reached the level of control where single-atom devices can be reproducibly fabricated with high yield. This talk focuses on the progress of single dopant atom placement in the context of engineered quantum matter. Silicon offers a particularly interesting platform for single dopants because when isotopically purified it acts as a “semiconductor vacuum” for spins. This leads to extraordinary coherence that is used to realise donor atom based qubits. Spatially resolved tunnelling experiments reveal the spectrum and quantum state image of single atoms and tunnel coupled arrangements of atoms. These measurements grant access to the wavefunction of donors in the silicon lattice that makes it possible to pinpoint the dopants to their exact position in the lattice that is essential in the evaluation of engineered quantum matter. A first step towards engineered Hamiltonians for Fermionic systems in the form of atomic chains was taken where interacting dopants were employed to simulate a two-site Hubbard Hamiltonian at low effective temperatures with single-site resolution. Quasi-particle tunnelling maps of spin-resolved states with atomic resolution reveal interference processes from which the entanglement entropy and Hubbard interactions are quantified. We will present dopant based multi-electrode devices fabricated by the scanning probe hydrogen depassivation and decoration technique where the quantum state of the device can be manipulated and imaged in situ. The aim of this work is to build a two dimensional array of up to 30 spins in the solid state to implement complex highly correlated systems.

In order to optimize nanocarbon materials for metal-free catalysis, the structure must be controlled and characterized at the nanoscale. One method for the bottom-up assembly of nanocarbon catalysts is through an Ullmann-type coupling reaction induced by a metal substrate, where a halide leaving group allows covalent intermolecular coupling. Scanning tunneling microscopy has been applied to a fundamental study of 3,6-dibromo-phenanthrequinone (DBPQ), a molecule selected for its catalytically active diketonic groups. Conjugated polymers formed from DBPQ have been found to be capable of catalyzing alkane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reactions as well as nitrobenzene (NB) reduction reactions.

Different surfaces were investigated for their role in the surface-activated coupling reaction. Intact monomer molecules were found to self-assemble through hydrogen and halide interactions on Ag(100), resulting in well-packed molecular islands which impacted the organometallic structure ultimately formed after reaction. On Au(100), two competing intermediate dimers were observed resulting from a chiral covalent bond between base DBPQ molecules. Cis dimers were found to result in reaction products that became stuck as tetramers without the potential for further polymerization. Utilization of increasing coverage and a new surface identity that arose from the leaving Bromide resulted in selective formation of longer conjugated polymer chains composed of trans dimers. This study characterizes the ability of initial self-assembly and leaving groups to steer reaction dynamics and control the structure of a nanocarbon catalyst.

Photon signal can be enhanced significantly by modifying the plasmonic nanocavity. This enhancement becomes an important issue in super-resolution microscopy and high resolution spectroscopy, such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) electroluminescence [1], surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy [2], and so on. Low temperature STMs can allow us to achieve less than 1nm tip-sample gap stably. This gap-mode plasmonic nanocavity between an STM tip and surface realizes sub-molecular photon spectroscopy [1]. A few works demonstrated that light emission signal can be effectively enhanced by certain resonant plasmonic spectral peaks, which can be modified by tip indentation [2] and showed theoretically that the larger tip aperture causes a blue shift and the shaper apex curvature results in higher intensity in a photon spectrum [3]. However, the tip shape dependence of the plasmonic nanocavity remains unclear. In this work, we experimentally present the role of tip shape in surface plasmonic light emission. We have used Ag tips and a Ag(100) substrate, and photon signals have been measured from both side of the STM tip simultaneously. We dipped STM tips into the substrate with controlling the dipping depth and the lifting speed in order to change the tip shape, and then, the tip shape subsequently was checked through STM profiles. We found that changing small parts of tip apex (<3nm tip direction) can differ the photon spectrum significantly. Furthermore, the plasmonic photon emission from different direction from a STM tip could be quite different due to tip shape asymmetry. This finding can help us to tune the plasmonic photon emission spectra more efficiently.

[1] R. Zhang et al., Nature 498, 82–86 (2013).

[2] Z. C. Dong et al., Nature Photonics 4, 50–54 (2010).

The scientific understanding of nanoscale materials and devices is continuously growing ever since atomic force microscopy (AFM) has enabled us to image these systems at similar length scale. Specifically, there is a pressing need for functional imaging as energy-relevant technologies are becoming dominated by nano- and mesoscale constructs. In this presentation I will review my group’s recent research discoveries based on new AFM methods to measure and determine how the electrical, chemical, and/or optical properties influence overall photovoltaic device behavior [1,2]. We realize novel functional imaging AFM-based methods to elucidate the driving forces for the dynamic response of the perovskites upon and post-illumination [3], and polycrystalline materials for solar cells [4,5]. We map nanoscale variations in open-circuit voltage Voc > 300 mV under 1-sun illumination, not revealed by conventional AFM tools. Using fast-KPFM (16 seconds/scan) while maintaining high spatial sensitivity, we map, in real-time, the dynamics of the Voc in perovskite solar cells with spatial resolution < 100 nm. Unexpectedly, we identify a ‘residual Voc’ post-illumination, attributed here to iodine ion migration, a process that takes place in a time scale of several minutes. We foresee our functional imaging tool to be implemented in the identification of stable perovskite compounds, ranging from lead-free and non-toxic alternatives to new options for tandem designs.

[1] ACS Energy Letters 2, 2761 (2017). Invited Review.

[2]ACS Energy Letters 2, 1825 (2017). Invited Perspective

[4] ACS Energy Letters1, 899 (2016).

[5] Advanced Energy Materials 5, 1501142 (2015).

High quality electrical contact to low-dimensional semiconductor channel materials is the key to unlocking their unique electronic and optoelectronic properties for fundamental research and device applications. Inappropriate contacts create interfacial states that can pin the Fermi level and form a large Schottky barrier. For 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), a route to a high-performance contact has recently been proposed by using a phase transition that converts a hexagonally packed semiconductor (2H) phase into a distorted octahedrally packed metallic (1T’) phase. However, a similar approach is not available for 1D materials. Conceptually, an ideal contact would be a metal-semiconductor interface formed with native covalent bonds without introduction of any structural or electronic boundaries. Realization of such a seamless contact in 1D materials such as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) requires atomically precise development of a heterostructure from well-defined atomic or molecular precursors.

Here we report on a successful approach for making seamless contacts in 1D materials through the formation of GNR staircase heterostructure. The coherent staircase is made of GNRs with widths varying from 7, 14, 21 and up to 56 carbon atoms. The graphitic heterostructures are synthesized by a surface-assisted self-assembly process with a single molecular precursor. While the 7-atom-wide GNR is a large-gap semiconductor, the conjugated wide GNRs are either quasi-metallic or small-gap semiconductors, similarly to the 2D metals. Our study, which combines STM and Raman measurements with DFT calculations, reveals that the heterointerface consists of native sp² carbon bonds without localized interfacial states. Such a seamless heterostructure offers an optimal electrical contact to the wide-gap 1D semiconductor.