[1] A.A.K., et al., PRL, 106, 037205 (2011); [2] A. J. Heinrich, et al., Science, 306, 466 (2004); [3] A.A.K, et al., Nature, 467, 1084 (2010); [4] A.A.K., et al., Nature Physics, 8, 497 (2012) [5] A.A.K., et al., Science, 332, 1062 (2011), [6] A.A.K., et al., Science, 339, 55 (2013), [7] A.A.K., et al., PRL, 111, 126804 (2013). [8] A.A.K., et al. Nature Comm, 7, 10620 (2016).

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has been one of the most versatile tools for atomic-scale imaging, manipulation, and tunneling spectroscopy. Inelastic spin excitation and spin-polarized tunneling have been employed to study spin physics of individual atoms and engineered structures, demonstrating nanoscale memory bits [1] and logic gates [2]. However, the energy resolution of the STM is mainly limited by a temperature of a system surrounding the atomic spins (>100 μeV).

Here, we successfully combine electron spin resonance (ESR) and STM, coherently driving spin resonance of individual iron (Fe) atoms on surfaces (MgO/Ag(100)) [3]. A radio-frequency electric field (~20 GHz), applied at the tunneling junction, modulates the spin state of the Fe atoms. The spin resonance signal is detected by a spin-polarized tunneling current. The ESR signals from individual Fe atoms differ by a few GHz (~10μeV) while the ESR linewidth is in the range of only a few MHz (~10neV). Such a high energy resolution enables us to distinguish spin distributions down to single-atom level and to investigate weak magnetic interactions.

When we placed two Fe atoms close together with controlled atom manipulation, we found that the ESR signal from each Fe atom splits into doublet, of which separation depends on the distance between two atoms. Our measurements show r ^{-3.024±0.026} distance-dependent splitting, in excellent agreement of magnetic dipole-dipole interaction. We utilized this precisely measured dipolar interaction to determine the location and magnetic moment of unknown spin centers with sub-angstrom and one hundredth of Bohr magneton precision [4].

Coherent quantum control of individual atoms on surfaces combined with atom manipulation may promise the STM as a new and unique platform for a quantum sensor, investigating spin-labeled molecular structures and a quantum information processor, modeling quantum magnetism.

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the IBM and Office of Naval Research.

[1] S. Loth, S. Baumann, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler, A.J. Heinrich, Science 335, 196 (2012).

[2] A.A. Khajetoorians, J. Wiebe, B. Chilian, and R. Wiesendanger, Science 332, 1062 (2011).

[3] S. Baumann^*, W. Paul^*, T. Choi, C.P. Lutz, A. Ardavan, A.J. Heinrich, Science 350, 417 (2015).

[4] T. Choi et al., manuscript in preparation.

Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM) has proven to be a powerful in-situ technique for obtaining detailed information about spin structures at surfaces down to atomic scale.¹ It has been applied extensively to investigate pristine ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic (aFM) transition metal surfaces, with many great results in the case of model systems such as nano-sized magnetic islands and single magnetic monolayers.² This has led to fascinating discoveries of nanoscale magnetic domains, domain walls, spin spirals, spin skyrmions, and much more.^3,4 Although not simple in practice, SP-STM can in principle also yield unprecedented spin characterization on a broad spectrum of material surfaces, including practical, real world systems. For example, it could be applied to investigate surfaces of intermetallic compounds, superconductors, complex magnetic oxides, and magnetic semiconductors.

We are applying SP-STM to study various magnetic systems grown in-situ by molecular beam epitaxy, including transition metal nitrides,⁵ magnetic-doped nitride semiconductors, and several bi-metallic magnetic systems. I will present our recent work using STM and SP-STM, beginning with a discussion of manganese nitrides, including our work on aFM θ-phase MnN and ferrimagnetic ε-phase Mn₄N. The θ-phase films are very complex due to the expectation of canted spins within each atomic layer with four unique canting angles, while the ε-phase films contain two types of spins (Mn^I and Mn^II) with equally complex spin arrangements.

A second material we are working on is the chromium nitride system in which we investigate its electronic and spin properties in a low-temperature SP-STM system. Spectroscopy results to date suggest a d-wave resonance on the surface and a Kondo signature for nanoscale iron islands grown on atomically-smooth CrN surfaces.

I will also present results for Mn δ-doped semiconducting gallium nitride surfaces in which we find atomic layer ferromagnetism within a unique and stable √3 x √3 - R30° MnGaN surface reconstruction. Spectroscopy clearly reveals spin-polarized and spin-split Mn states, as predicted by first principles theory calculations. SP-STM measurements map out ferromagnetic domains at room temperature, and the additional presence of magnetic rim states seen at the edges of ferromagnetic islands, as well as magnetic hysteresis, give further interest to this intriguing system.

¹ R. Wiesendanger, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1495 (2009).

² M. Bode et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 67201 (2004).

³ P. Ferriani et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 027201 (2008).

⁴ S. Loth et al. Science 335, 196 (2012).

⁵ K.K. Wang and A.R. Smith, Nano Lett. 12, 5443 (2012).

Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) has been employed to examine the galvanic activity of a wide range of second phase particles in S-65 beryllium that are believed to have a role in the localised corrosion of the metal. SKPFM and AFM analysis has been combined with additional surface and bulk analysis techniques of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy to provide a detailed overview of the link between the bulk and surface composition of particles and their Volta potential or surface contact potential.

Initial results appear to show that all second phase particles are more noble than the beryllium matrix with the greatest potential difference observed for AlFeBe₄ and alumina or carbide like particles. The more negative Volta potential indicates that the particles should act as local cathodes when the metal is exposed to an aqueous environment.

The initial investigation, which is being performed in-air, will be expanded to determine the effect of increasingly higher humidity environments on the behaviour of the particles. It is hoped that this will provide a greater understanding about the onset of pitting corrosion in beryllium.