Since the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in 1988, spin transport has rapidly evolved as a research area examining effects such as Current Perpendicular to Plane (CPP) GMR and spin torque transfer (STT). Giant Magnetoresistance is caused by spin-dependent scattering. High electrical resistance (R­­_AP) is measured for antiparallel magnetizations of adjacent layers, while low resistance (R_P) is measured for parallel magnetizations. CPP GMR shows an advantage in MR ratio ((R_AP-R_P)/R_P), because all electrons must pass through all layers. This geometry is widely used as the reader in high areal magnetic recording, where it is likely that the current non-magnetic insulator will ultimately be replaced by a metallic layer in order to limit resistance. The reciprocal effect, STT, occurs when an electric current passes through a pinned ferromagnetic layer and the angular momentum (magnetic moment) is transferred to a neighboring free magnetic layer. The magnetization in the free layer may stably oscillate or may achieve a collinear state to the pinned layer. Magnetization switching with the help of a current has been proposed as potential magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM). However, the mechanism of spin transport is not fully understood for these effects.

We consider multiple reflections between the interfaces of the adjacent magnetic layers. If the ferromagnetic material is not 100% polarized, electrons with different polarizations are not perfectly transmitted or reflected. We show that reflections, although typically neglected, strongly affect the spin transport properties. They explain¹ the experimentally observed nonlinearity of GMR dependence on β =cos²(θ/2 ) (θ is the angle between the magnetizations of the fixed and free layers ). Also the spin torque is decreased² by the reflection. The more orders of reflection we include in the spin torque, the more critical current is needed to switch the magnetization state. The spin torque oscillator (STO) is an attractive replacement for current microwave devices owing to its very small (nanoscale) size. However, a single STO does not provide sufficient power for many applications. An array of oscillators in series or parallel has been proposed to generate more power. The problem is to phase lock the non-uniform oscillators. We calculate the power spectrum of serial oscillators. We show that the oscillators’ could be closely synchronized by a feedback ac current, even at room temperature.

1. T. Qu and R.H. Victora, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 07C516 (2012)

2. S. Hernandez and R.H. Victora, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 062506 (2010)

Thin films of 3d-4d/5d metallic alloys such as Fe-Pt, Co-Pt, and Fe-Pd are of technological interest due to their ordered L1₀ tetragonal phase which exhibits high magnetocrystalline anisotropy comparable to that of 3d-4f rare earth magnets. A combination of hard magnetic properties with ductility and corrosion resistance makes this family of alloys ideal for applications including micro-electro-mechanical systems and ultra-high-density magnetic storage. These alloys are known to develop unique microstructures, including a novel strain-induced chessboard eutectoid microstructure featuring exchange coupling effects that has been found between the hard L1₀ and soft L1₂ magnetic phases of the Co-Pt system. Within this class of materials, Fe-Pd alloys possess a somewhat lower magnetocrystalline anisotropy compared to Co-Pt and Fe-Pt, but the Fe-Pd phase diagram showing considerably lower order-disorder transition temperatures renders them well-suited for nanostructured magnetic applications and study.

Epitaxial films of Fe_38.5Pd_61.5 at the L1₂-L1₀ eutectoid composition have been grown on MgO 001 oriented substrates by pulsed laser deposition. These films exhibit atomic ordering with increasing temperature, transitioning from the disordered A1 (FCC) phase to the ordered L1₂ phase. Fe_38.5Pd_61.5 films grown at 550^oC have been found to possess a two-phase microstructure of prismatic 50-100 nm disordered A1 secondary phases with 110 oriented facets embedded within an ordered L1₂ matrix. These secondary phases exhibit single domain magnetic axis rotation, while the easy magnetic axis of the ordered L1₂ matrix lies in plane due to strain induced by epitaxy. The growth these two-phase films has been studied as a function of deposition time. The films grown in this study were characterized by x-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, atomic and magnetic force microscopy, and high resolution scanning electron microscopy.