ICMCTF2014 Session DP: Symposium D Poster Session

Thursday, May 1, 2014 5:00 PM in Room Town & Country and San Diego

Thursday Afternoon

Time Period ThP Sessions | Topic D Sessions | Time Periods | Topics | ICMCTF2014 Schedule

DP-1 Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Performance of TiZrCN Coatings
Heng-Li Huang (China Medical University and Hospital, Taiwan); Yin-Yu Chang, Yu-Chen Yang (National Formosa University, Taiwan); Chih-Ho Lai, Tzong-Ming Shieh (China Medical University and Hospital, Taiwan)
Commercial pure (CP) titanium (Ti) is widely used as metallic biomaterials. However, pure Ti still fails to meet some requirements for clinically uses of implant applications due to its poor wear resistance and a lack of antimicrobial performance. Better antimicrobial and wear-resistant abilities of Ti implant are beneficial for avoiding the infection and inflammation after surgery. In this study, a new TiZrCN film was deposited on a bio-grade pure Ti material. A cathodic-arc evaporation system with plasma enhanced duct equipment was used for the deposition of TiZrN and TiZrCN coatings. Reactive gas (N2) and C2H2 activated by the titanium and zirconium plasma in the evaporation process was used to deposit the TiZrCN coatings with different carbon and nitrogen contents. Characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy (RS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the crystal structure, bonding state and surface morphology of the deposited TiZrCN films were studied. The chemical composition was evaluated by wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (WDS). Mechanical properties, such as the hardness and elastic modulus, were measured by means of nanoindention. To evaluate the wear performance of the deposited coatings, an impact test was performed using a cyclic loading device with a hard tungsten carbide indenter as an impact probe. The microbial activity of the films was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, that exhibit physiological commensalism on the human skin, nares, and mucosal and oral areas. Both bacteria were chosen as the model for in vitro anti-bacterial analyses by a fluorescence staining method employing Syto9. The cell compatibility and morphology related to cell-line human skin fibroblast cells (CCD-966SK) on the coated samples were also determined by using the MTT assay, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results suggested that the TiZrCN film can improve antibacterial performance with compatible soft-tissue biological response.
DP-3 Low Temperature Pasteurization via High Density Plasma Oxidation
Tatsuhiko Aizawa (Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan); Yoshio Sugita (YS-Electric Industry, Co. Ltd., Japan)
A sterilizer with use of ethylene oxide gas (EOG) has been widely utilized in hospitals or large-scaled clinics. Although this gas-phase system provides us a powerful means to sterilize medical tools for operation, its poisonous nature is often harmful and time-consuming in practical use. Various kinds of plasmas have been applied as a promising method to make low-temperature pasteurization instead of those conventional sterilizers. For an example, the hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilizing system is utilized in market since it works in relatively low temperature; however, its effectiveness in sterilization is often limited by the presence of peptidoglycan on the eubacteria cell membrane. That is, eubacteria is still alive after sterilizing because of this protection. This issue is never solved even by using ICP or micro-wave induced oxygen plasmas.

Authors have been concerned with research and development of high density oxygen plasma generators. Owing to high electron density and ionized oxygen flux, carbon-base films on the substrate can be removed with fast ashing rate. In the present study, this system is applied to pasteurization to solve the above issues related to plasma sterilizing. As a bio-indicator, the geobacillus stearothermophilus sample with the sporophyte content of 104 and 105 is employed as a target for sterilizing experiment. This gram-positive bacteria is shielded by peptidoglycan; without direct oxidation and bombardment against this shield layer, this bacteria could be alive to germinate during long-term cultivation culture. In the sterilizing experiment, this bacteria sporophyte is enclosed by the glassine paper to make a test-piece. Plasma parameters are varied to find that no bacteria is cultured from the sporophyte at 323 K after cultivation time of 604.8 ks or one week when 3000 kw is applied to this test-piece. This assures that generated oxygen atoms and ions should penetrate the glassine paper and sporophyte membrane and to make direct interaction with bacteria for pasteurization.

DP-4 Biomolecular Modification of Zirconia Surface for Enhenced Biocompatibility
Shih-Kuang Hsu, Hsueh-Chuan Hsu (Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan); Wen-Fu Ho (Da-Yeh University, Taiwan); Kuan-Hsien Lee, Shih-Ching Wu (Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan)

Yttria-Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal(Y-TZP) is a preference material used as biomaterials due to its good mechanical properties. In order to improve the biocompatibility of zirconia, RGD-peptide derived from extracellular matrix proteins was employed to modify the surface of YTZP to promote cell adhesion.

In this study, the surfaces of YTZP were modified using hydrothermal method at different periods. The topographies of modified YTZP were analyzed by contact angle, XRD, FTIR, AFM and FE-SEM, as well as the mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and three point bending. The RGD-peptide was immobilized on the surface of YTZP by chemical treatment. This RGD-peptide immobilized YTZP were characterized by FTIR, AFM and FE-SEM, and then were cocultured with MG-63 osteoblast cells for the biocompatibility assay. The cell morphology and proliferation were evaluated by SEM, WST-1 and ALP activity assay.

The XRD results indicated that the phase transformation, from tetragonal phase to monoclinic phase, was increased with increasing the incubation time of hydrothermal treatment. However, there are no significant differences in mechanical strengths after RGD-peptide was successfully grafted onto the YTZP surface. The SEM images showed that the MG-63 cells appeared polygonal, spindle-shaped, and attached on the RGD-peptide modified YTZP. The proliferation and cellular activities of MG-63 cells on the RGD-peptide modified YTZP were better than that on the YTZP.

From the above results, the RGD-peptide can successfully grafted onto the hydrothermal modified YTZP surface. The RGD-peptide immobilized YTZP can increase the cell adhesion, thus, improve the biocompatibility of YTZP.
DP-5 Surface Modification of Blood-contacting Biomaterials by Plasma-Polymerized Super-Hydrophobic Films
Chaio-Ru Hsiao (Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan); Cheng-Wei Lin (Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan); Chia-Man Chou (Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan); Chi-Jen Chung (Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan); JuLiang He (Feng Chia University, Taiwan)

Due to the increasing cardiovascular diseases, it has a significant impact on human’s life and thereby raises the demand of blood-contacting biomaterials. In this study, the film composed of plasma-polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) containing silica nano-particles as the main layer and a very thin plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon layer over the top was developed to exhibit super-hydrophobic property. The polyurethrane (PU), a broadly used biomaterial for medical applications such as vascular grafts, catheters and prostheses was used as substrate. A pulsed-dc plasma polymerization process was employed by adjusting the precursor flow rate and the power input. The deposited films were examined their microstructure, water contact angle, cytotoxicity and in vitro platelet adhesion tests.

Experimental results show that the deposited films are amorphous with randomly dispersed silica nanoparticles exposed to the surface of the deposited films. Water contact angle of the obtained film, after optimizing deposition parameters, was measured at 153.4o, namely super-hydrophobicity, which shall attribute to the synergistic effect of both nano-structural surface morphology (resulting from the inserted silica nano-particles) and low surface energy (resulting from surface flourocarbon groups). Results of in vitro cytotoxicity and platelet adhesion tests showed satisfactory fibroblasts cell proliferation and decreased platelet adhesion on the coated specimens. These quantitative indications as revealed above imply that such films may have the potential to avoid thrombosis and possibly provide an alternative for surface modification of blood-contacting biomaterials.

Keywords : super-hydrophobic; plasma-polymerization; polyurethrane (PU); blood-contacting biomaterials.

DP-7 Investigation of an a-TiCx Film as the Interlayer of Fluorinated DLC on a Ti6Al4V Substrate- an Approach to the Anti-corrosive and Mechanical Properties
Chau-Chang Chou, Hsin-Yu Chen, Meng-Ku Hsu (National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan, Republic of China)

Amorphous titanium carbide (a-TiCx) was deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates as an interlayer of functional diamond-like carbon (DLC) to improve the corrosive drawback of the silicon interlayer by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf PECVD) technique. The a-TiCx thin films were obtained by using a mixture of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and methane (CH4) gases. Fluorinated amorphous DLC (F-DLC) was then coated on the samples by the same CVD system from the precursors of tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and CH4. The structure and surface properties of a-TiCx interlayers, prepared by various TiCl4 flow ratios, were investigated by using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were evaluated by nano-indentation and the adhesion, by micro-scratch. The corrosion behavior was studied in a physiological solution. An F-DLC coating with a 100 nm Si interlayer prepared by physical vapor deposition process was also implemented as a benchmark. The results showed that the anti-corrosion capability and the adhesive strength of the F-DLC coatings with an a-TiCx interlayer is much better than that with an a-Si one.

DP-8 Effects of the Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Method in the CaP Enriched Titanium Oxide Layer Physicochemical and Corrosion Properties
Carlos Laurindo, RicardoDiego Torres, Paulo Soares (Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil); Sachin Mali, Jeremy Gilbert (Syracuse University, NY)

The Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is a traditional technique that promotes the transformation of the titanium substrate into a high hardness ceramic layer by the interaction of anodic oxide growth and plasma channel shock caused by the dielectric break down at high voltages, taking place in an aqueous electrolyte. There are two principal methods used in anodic oxidation, the potentiostatic mode, which the voltage is maintained constant and the galvanostatic mode, which the current density is maintained constant. However, the differences between these two methods are unclear. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the PEO method and time on the surface and corrosion properties. Titanium samples were submitted to potentiostatic PEO at 250, 300, 350 and 400V and galvanostatic PEO at 200, 400, 600 and 800 mA/cm² for 1 and 3 min. The surface properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), roughness and surface wettability measurements. The corrosion properties were evaluated by open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization. The oxide layer is significantly altered with the applied voltage, while there is no change for different applied current densities. Pore size, contact angle, and the amount of rutile phase increased with applied voltage in the potentiostatic PEO. In the galvanostatic PEO, the oxide surface properties remain practically the same. Corrosion resistance is improved with applied voltage, and with anodization time for current densities.

DP-9 Silicon-substituted Hydroxyapatite Coating on Biomedical Ti-Nb-Zr Alloy Using Cyclic Electrochemical Deposition Method
Yong-Hoon Jeong, WilliamA. Brantley (The Ohio State University, US); Han-Cheol Choe (Chosun University, Korea)

The usage of biomedical implant has been gradually increased for couple of decades due to replace for injuries and old aged diseases. The metallurgical implant materials is one of the most frequently used to restore for damaged hard tissue such as dental and orthopedic field, which should be have non-toxic and high biocompatibility. The surface modification and alloy development of implant materials have been encouraged to have more successful and higher biocompatibility between replacement materials and human tissue. Regarding these reasons, Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA] is used as a bio-ceramic coating on metal implant surface due to their bioactivity and osseoconductive properties in vivo. To be more effective HA coating layer, the silicon substitution of HA (Si-HA) coatings are greater than single HA coating for bone on-growth. As a coating substrate of implant materials, β phased Ti-Nb-Zr alloy system has significant low elastic modulus and has non-toxic elements than that of conventional alloys such as pure titanium or Ti-6Al-4V alloy, Ti-35Nb-10Zr alloy has appropriate properties with reasonable mechanical and chemical properties to be used as a Si-HA coating substrate. The objective of this study was to investigate the silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite coating on biomedical Ti-Nb-Zr alloy using cyclic electrochemical deposition method.

The Ti-Nb-Zr alloy was manufactured with 35 wt.% of Nb and 10 wt.% of Zr by arc melting furnace to be a β phase. Electrochemical deposition of Si substituted Ca/P was performed by pulsing the potential with a method of cyclic voltammetry, and changed cyclic time between 10 and 150. The electrolyte was prepared by dissolving the reagent-grade chemicals: Ca(NO3)2, NH4H2PO4, and Na2SiO3․9H2O to be 1.67 of Ca/P ratio and Si contents were controlled to be 1 - 2.5 wt.% in the total portion. The surface characteristics were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical corrosion test (potentiodynamic and AC impedance test). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare the variation of corrosion parameters and significance was p<0.05. As results, more cyclic time of coatings layer could be have increased corrosion potential and decreased current density, also has more plate like structure than that of less cyclic time. (NRF: R13-2008-010-00000-0; hcchoe@chosun.ac.kr [mailto:hcchoe@chosun.ac.kr] )

Keywords: Silicon substitution, Hydroxyapatite, Electrochemical Deposition, Corrosion, Biomaterials
DP-10 Nanotube Shape and Morphology Control of Ti-6Al-4V by Various Applied Potential for Drug Doping and Bioactive Materials Coating
Han-Cheol Choe (Chosun University, Republic of Korea)

CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been widely used for implant materials such as dental and orthopedic implants due to a good mechanical property, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Even though these advantages, many researchers have focused on the surface modification for improvement of biocompatibility on interface between implant and bone.

Especially, one of surface modification methods is nanotube formation on the alloy for improvement for biocompatibility. It is possible to form nanotubes on the surface of the implant alloy under the conditions of constant voltage in general. However, in this study, given the gradual change of the various applied potential, to nanotube formation, was studied how nanotubes form would change accordingly for drug dopping and bioactive materials coating.

In this study, nanotube shape and morphology control of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by various applied potentials for drug dopping and bioactive materials coating have been researched by using electrochemical methods in 1 M H3PO4 with small amounts of fluoride ions. The nanotube formation was carried out by DC power supply with applied voltage variation in range of 10~40V after washing three times with distillation water for 15 minutes. Nanotube shape and morphology was observed by FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, STEM, AFM, XPS. Nanotube shape can be controlled by applied potential for drug dopping and bioactive materials coating(hcchoe@chosun.ac.kr [mailto:hcchoe@chosun.ac.kr] ).

Keywords: Ti-6Al-4V alloys, Applied potential, Nanotube shape, Drug dopping, Coating

DP-13 The Tribocorrosion of CoCrMo Alloys Coated with TiAlPtN/TiAlPt Multilayers
Martin Flores (Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico); Eduardo Andrade (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico); Omar Jimenez (Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico)

The tribocorrosion phenomenon is present in biomedical alloys that are used in artificial implants to replace natural joints. This damage limit the service life of such implants, the hard coatings can improve the resistance of wear and corrosion. The multilayers of TiAlPtN/TiAlPt were deposited on CoCrMo alloys by magnetron sputtering. In this work we study the wear mode of the samples coated and alone in a simulated body fluid with an ion concentration similar to that in the human blood. The structure of coatings was studied by means of XRD and the composition by RBS and EDS techniques. The tribocorrosion behavior of CoCrMo alloys alone and coated with TiAlPtN/TiAlPt multilayers was studied in simulated body fluid. The tribocorrosion was performed using a ball on plate reciprocating tribometer, the tests were conducted at 37 °C of temperature. The loads used were between 0.25 N to 2N, the oscillating frequencies was 1Hz. The corrosion and tribocorrosion were studied using open circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarizations. The potentiodynamic polarization was used to estimate the change in the corrosion rate due to wear and the potensiostatic polarization in the passive region to measure the change in the wear rate due to corrosion. In order to study the wear mechanisms, the debris, the topography and composition of worn surfaces were analyzed by means of SEM and EDS. For the CoCrMo alloy the corrosion augmentation factor was greater than the wear augmentation factor. The coatings improve the corrosion and tribocorrosion resistance of CoCrMo alloys.

DP-14 Enhanced Corrosion Resistance and Hemocompatibility of Biomedical NiTi Alloy by Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Polymerized Fluorine-rich Coating
Penghui Li (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China); Limin Li (City University of Hong Kong, China); Wenhao Wang (The University of Hong Kong, China); Weihong Jin (City University of Hong Kong, China); Xiangmei Liu (Hubei University, China); Kelvin Yeung (The University of Hong Kong, China); Paul Chu (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China)

To improve the corrosion resistance and hemocompatibility of biomedical NiTi alloy, hydrophobic polymer coatings are deposited by plasma polymerization in the presence of a fluorine-containing precursor by an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet. This process takes place at a low temperature in air and can be used to deposit fuoropolymer films using organic compounds that cannot be achieved by conventional techniques. The composition and chemical states of the polymer coatings are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion behavior of the coated and bare NiTi samples is assessed and compared using polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in physiological solutions including simulated body fluids (SBF) and Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium (DMEM). The corrosion resistance of the coated NiTi alloy is evidently improved. Protein adsorption and platelet adhesion tests reveal that the adsorption ratio of albumin to fibrinogen is increased and the number of the adherent platelets is greatly reduced on the coating. The plasma polymerized coating produces better hemocompatibility and is promising as a protective and hemocompatible coating on cardiovascular implants.

DP-16 The Effect of PEO Process Parameters on the Tribocorrosion Properties of TiO2 Coatings
EbruEmine Sukuroglu, Hamed Farzi (Atatürk University, Turkey); Suleyman Sukuroglu (Gümüşhane University, Turkey); Yasar Totik, Ersin Arslan, Ihsan Efeoglu (Atatürk University, Turkey)
TiO2 coatings are suitable materials for use as implants due to their good mechanical properties and their bio-compatibility features. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method due to its low cost and ability to achieve high thickness is a proper method for deposition of TiO2 coating. In this study, TiO2 coating was deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates with different voltages and frequencies as the coating process parameters. The mechanical properties of coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD and EDS analysis. Tribocorrosion behavior of the coating was also measured.
Time Period ThP Sessions | Topic D Sessions | Time Periods | Topics | ICMCTF2014 Schedule